Acta Med. 2008, 51: 3-12

https://doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2017.1

Antimicrobial Agents Used in Endodontic Treatment

Marina George Kudiyirickal, Romana Ivančaková

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Department of Dentistry, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic

Received November 1, 2007
Accepted February 1, 2008

References

1. Addy M, Moran J. The effect of a cetylpyridinium chloride detergent foam compared to a conventional toothpaste on plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 1989; 16:87–91. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1989.tb01619.x>
2. Alasri A, Moal, Roques J Fet al. De’sinfection d’un biofilm mixte: efficacite’ compare’e du chlore, du formol, de l’acide perace’tique, du peroxyde d’hydroge`ne et de l’association acide perace’tique/peroxyde d’hydroge`ne. Science et Techniques de l’Eau 1992; 461–67.
3. Al-Musallama Tahani A., Carla A. et al. Antimicrobial properties of an orthodontic adhesive combined with cetylpyridinium chloride. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2006; 129(2): 245–51. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.10.015>
4. Arro L and C.R. Salenstedt, Evaluation of the toxicity of some quaternary ammonium compounds, J Biol Standardization 1973; 1:11–22. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-1157(73)90034-6>
5. Ashley, K. C. The antimicrobial properties of two commonly used antisepticmouthwashes – Corsodyl and Oraldene. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 1984; 56: 221–5. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1984.tb01342.x>
6. Baehni PC, Y Takeuchi. Anti-plaque agents in the prevention of biofilm-associated oral diseases. Oral Diseases 2003; 9 (Suppl.1):23–29. <https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.9.s1.5.x>
7. Baldry, M. G. C. The bacterial, fungicidal, and sporicidal properties of hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1983; 54:417–23. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1983.tb02637.x>
8. Barkvoll, P., Rolla, G. & Svendsen, K. Interaction between chlorhexidine digluconate and sodium lauryl sulfate in vivo. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1989; 16:593–5. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1989.tb02143.x>
9. Barrett, J. P., Jr. Sterilizing agents for Lobound flexible film apparatus. Proc. Animal Care Panel 1959; 9:127–33.
10. Block S. S. In: S. S. Block, 4th ed. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, PA, 1991:18–25.
11. Block S. S. Quaternary Ammonium Antimicrobial Compounds. In: Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. In: S. S. Block, 4th ed. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, PA, 1991:225–55.
12. Bredholt S, Maukonen, J., Kujanpa A et al. Microbial methods for assessment of cleaning and disinfection of food-processing surfaces cleaned in a low-pressure system. European Food Research and Technology 1999; 209: 145–52. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s002170050474>
13. Buck R., P. Eleazer and R. Staat. In vitro disinfection of dentinal tubules by various endodontics irrigants. J Endod 1999; 25: 786–8. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(99)80297-0>
14. Burnett S, Walker J. Comparison of ferric sulfate, formocresol and a combination of ferric sulfate/formocresol in primary tooth vital pulpotomies: a retrospective radiographic survey. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 2002; 69: 44–48.
15. Byström A, Sundqvist G. Bacteriological evaluation of the efficacy of mechanical root canal instrumentation in endodontic therapy. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1981; 89: 321–8.
16. Casas MJ, Kenny DJ, Johnston DH, Judd PJ. Long-term outcomes of primary molar ferric sulfate pulpotomy and root canal therapy. Pediatric Dentistry 2004; 26: 44–48.
17. Ciancio, S. G., Mather, M. L. & Bunnell, H. L. Clinical evaluation of a quaternary ammonium-containing mouthrinse. Journal of Periodontology 1975; 46:397–401. <https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1975.46.7.397>
18. Cohen S, Burns RC. Pathways of the pulp. 7th ed. Mosby, 1998: Irrigation Solutions 8:206.
19. Cotes O, Boj JR, Canalda C, Carreras M. Pulpal tissues reaction to formocresol vs. ferric sulfate in pulpotomized rat teeth. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 1997; 21: 247–54.
20. Cvek M, Nord CE, Hollender L. Antimicrobial effect of root canal debridement in teeth with immature root. A clinical and microbiologic study. Odontol Revy. 1976; 27(1):1–10.
21. D’Arcangelo G, Barile M, Passarella S, Quagliariello E. Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by hexetidine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987; 147(2):801–8. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(87)91001-1>
22. D’Arcangelo C, Varvara G, De Fazio P An evaluation of the action of different root canal irrigants on facultative aerobic-anaerobic, obligate anaerobic, and microaerophilic bacteria. Journal of Endodontics 1999; 25: 351–3. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(06)81170-2>
23. Davey, M. E. and O’Toole. Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. G. A. 2000; 64: 847–67. <https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.64.4.847-867.2000>
24. Duggal MS, Nooh A, High A. Response of the primary pulp to inflammation: a review of the Leeds studies and challenges for the future. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2002; 3(3):111–4.
25. Dychdala, G. R. Chlorine and chlorine compounds. In: S. S. Block, 4th ed. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, PA, 1991:131–51.
26. Ehrich GD, Brian D, Walker WA. Sodium hypochlorite accident: inadvertent injection into the maxillary sinus. Journal of Endodontics 1993; 19:180–2. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(06)80684-9>
27. Ercan, Ertugrul, Ozekinci. Antibacterial Activity of 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate and 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite in Infected Root Canal: In Vivo Study.[Article] Journal of Endodontics. 2004; 30(2):84–87. <https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200402000-00005>
28. Epstein E, Maibach HI. Monsel’s solution: history, chemistry and efficacy. Archives of Dermatology 1964; 90: 226–8. <https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1964.01600020094022>
29. Eto JN, Niu W, Takeda FH et al. Morphological and atomic analytical changes of root canal wall dentin after treatment with thirty-eight percent Ag(NH3)2F solution and CO2 laser. J Clin Laser Med Surg. (1):19–24.
30. Fei A, Udin R, Johnson R. A clinical study of ferric sulfate as a pulpotomy agent in primary teeth. Pediatric Dentistry 1991; 13: 327–32.
31. Fuks AB, Eidelman E, Cleaton-Jones P, Michaeli Y. Pulpal response to ferric sulfate, diluted formocresol, and IRM in pulpotomized primary baboon teeth. Journal of Dentistry for Children 1997; 64: 254–259.
32. Georgopoulou M, Kontakiotis E, Nakou M. In vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide and paramonochlorophenol on anaerobic bacteria from the root canal. Endod Dent Traumatol 1993; 9: 249–53. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1993.tb00281.x>
33. Gershenfeld, L., and Davis. D. E. Effect of peracetic acid on some thermoaciduric bacteria. Am. J. Pharm. 1952; 124:337–42.
34. Gilbert P, Das J, Foley I. Biofilm susceptibility to antimicrobials. Adv Dent Res 1997; 11(1):160–7. <https://doi.org/10.1177/08959374970110010701>
35. Giuliana G, Pizzo G, Milici ME, Giangreco R In vitro activities of antimicrobial agents against Candida species. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999; 87(1):44–9. Erratum in: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;87(4):524. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S1079-2104(99)70293-3>
36. Green K., K. Bowman and R. Elijah, Dose effect response of the rabbit eye to CPC, J Toxicol Cutan Ocular Toxicol 1985; 4:13–26. <https://doi.org/10.3109/15569528509068355>
37. Greenspan, F. P., Johnsen M. A., and. Trexler P. C. Peracetic acid aerosols. Chem. Specialties Mfrs. Assoc. Proc. Ann. Meeting 1955; 42:59–64.
38. Greenspan, F. P, MacKellar D. G. The application of peracetic acid germicidal washes to mold control of tomatoes. Food Technol. 1951; 5:95–97.
39. Grossman L.I, Oliet S, Del Rio C. Endodontic practice 11th ed. Lea & Febiger, 1988. Irrigation 11:189.
40. Haapasalo HK, Siren EK, Waltimo TM et al. Inactivation of local root canal medicaments by dentine: an in vitro study. International Endodontic Journal 2000; 33:126–31. <https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2000.00291.x>
41. Haapasalo M, Orstavik D. In vitro infection and disinfection of dentinal tubules. Journal of Dental Research 1987; 66:1375–9. <https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660081801>
42. Hamaguchi F, Tsutsui T. Assessment of genotoxicity of dental antiseptics: ability of phenol, guaiacol, p-phenolsulfonic acid, sodium hypochlorite, p-chlorophenol, m-cresol or formaldehyde to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured Syrian hamster embryo cells, Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 2000; 83:273–6. <https://doi.org/10.1254/jjp.83.273>
43. Harper R, P., Addy, M., Moran, J et al. A comparison of chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, triclosan, and C31G mouthrinse products for plaque inhibition. Journal of Periodontology 1996; 67:486–9. <https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1996.67.5.486>
44. Haworth S, Lawlor T, Mortelmans K et al. Salmonella mutagenicity test results for 250 chemicals, Environ. Mutagen. Suppl. 1983; 1: 3–142. <https://doi.org/10.1002/em.2860050703>
45. Heling B, Shapira J. Roentgenologic and clinical evaluation of endodontically treated teeth, with or without negative culture. Quintessence International 1978; 11:79–84.
46. Heiling I, Chandler NP. Antimicrobial effect of irrigant combinations within dentinal tubules. International Endodontic Journal 1998; 31:8–14. <https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.1998.t01-1-00124.x>
47. Herrera D, Santos S, Ferru’s J et al. Efficacy of a 0.15 % benzydamine hydrochloride and 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse on 4-day de novo plaque formation. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32: 595–603. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00718.x>
48. Hikiba H, E. Watanabe, Barrett JC, Tsutsui T,. Ability of fourteen chemical agents used in dental practice to induce chromosome aberrations in Syrian hamster embryo cells. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2005; 97:146–152. <https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.FPJ04044X>
49. Holtmann, D. and Sell, D. Investigations into the application of a process for the determination of microbial activity in biofilms. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2001; 56:826–30. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530100618>
50. Hülsmann M, Hahn W. Complications during root canal irrigation: literature review and case reports. International Endodontic Journal 2000; 33:186–93. <https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2000.00303.x>
51. IARC, Formaldehyde, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 1982;29: 345–389.
52. IARC, Hypochlorite salts, IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 1991; 52:159–176.
53. Ibricevic H, Al-Jame Q. Ferric sulphate and formocresol in pulpotomy of primary molars: long term follow-up study. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2003; 4(1):28–32.
54. Ibricevic H, Al-Jame Q. Ferric sulfate as pulpotomy agent in primary teeth: twenty month clinical follow-up. Pediatric Dentistry 2000; 24: 269–72. <https://doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.24.4.d7u6405nw1132705>
55. Imlay JA, Linn S. DNA damage and oxygen radical toxicity. Science 1988; 240:1302–9. <https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3287616>
56. Ingle JI, Bakland LK. Endodontics. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1994: 627–35.
57. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Press release no. 153. 15 June 2004. Evidence-based assessment: Evaluation of the formocresol versus ferric sulfate primary molar pulpotomy. Pediatric Dentistry 2004;26: 401–9.
58. Jeansonne BJ, White RR. A comparison of 2.0 % chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25 % sodium hypochlorite as antimicrobial endodontic irrigants. Journal of Endodontics 1994; 20, 276–8. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(06)80815-0>
59. Jones, L. A., Hoffman R. K., and Phillips. C. R. Sporicidal activity of peracetic acid and, B-propiolactone at subzero temperatures. AppI. Microbiol. 1967; 15:357–62.
60. Jones DS, McGovern JG, Woolfson AD, Gorman SP. The effects of hexetidine (Oraldene) on the adherence of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells in vitro and ex vivo and on in vitro morphogenesis Pharm Res. 1997; 14(12): 1765–71. <https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012140131757>
61. Jenkins S., Addy M. and Newcombe R.G., A comparison of cetylpyridinium chloride, triclosan and chlorhexidine mouthrinse formulations for effects on plaque regrowth, J Clin Periodontol 1994; 21: 441–44. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00743.x>
62. Jenkins S., Addy M. and Wade W. The magnitude and duration of the effects of some mouthrinse products on salivary bacterial counts. J Clin Periodontol 1994; 21:397–401. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00736.x>
63. Kapic E, Becic F, Becic E. Ferric sulfate hemostasis: effect on osseous wound healing. II. With curettage and irrigation. Hexetidine—an oral antiseptic] Med Arh. 2002; 56(1):43–8.
64. Kashima TM, Tsujimoto Y, Kawamoto K et al. Generation of free radicals and/or active oxygen by light or laser irradiation of hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite J Endod. 2003 Feb; 29(2):141–3. <https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200302000-00013>
65. Kell, D. B., Kaprelyants, A. S., Weichart et al. Viability and activity in readily culturable bacteria: a review and discussion of the practical issues, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 1998; 73:169–187. <https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1000664013047>
66. Kline, L. B., and R. N. Null. The virucidal properties of peracetic acid. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1960; 33:30–33. <https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/33.1.30>
67. Koch, H. A. M. Sprossig. and H. Mucke. Untersuchungen zur fungiziden Wirkung der Peressigsaure. Pharmazie 1967; 22:520–1.
68. Kohen R, Shalhoub R. Prevention and induction of oxidative damage in E. coli cells by cationized proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 1994; 16: 571–80. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(94)90057-4>
69. Kozlovsky A., Sintov A, Moldovan M, Tal H. Inhibition of plaque formation by local application of a degradable controlled release system containing cetylpyridinium chloride, J Clin Periodontol 1994; 21:32–37. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00273.x>
70. Lemon RR, Steele PJ, Jeansome BG. Ferric sulfate hemostasis: effect on osseous wound healing. 1. Left in situ for maximum exposure. Journal of Endodontics 1993; 19: 170–3. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(06)80681-3>
71. Landau MJ, Johnsen DC. Pulpal responses to ferric sulfate in monkeys. Journal of Dental Research 1988; 167: 215.
72. Leonardo MR, Tanomaru F M, Silva LAB et al. In vivo antimicrobial activity of 2 % chlorhexidine used as a root canal irrigating solution. Journal of Endodontics 1999; 25:167–171. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(99)80135-6>
73. Lisle, J. T., Pyle, B. H. and McFeters, G. A. The use of multiple indices of physiological activity to access viability in chlorine disinfected Escherichia coli O157:H7 Letters in Applied Microbiology 1999; 29:42–47. <https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00572.x>
74. Lowings P H. The fungal contamination of Kentish strawberry fruits in 1955. Appl. Microbiol. 1956; 4:84–88.
75. Mandel ID. Chemotherapeutic agents for controlling plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 1988; 15:488–98. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1988.tb01020.x>
76. Mankodi S, Bauroth K, Witt J. A six month clinical trial to study the effects of a cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse on gingivitis and plaque. American Journal of Dentistry 2005; 18 (Special Issue): 9A–14A.
77. McCoy CP, Jones DS, McGovern JG et al. Determination of the salivary retention of hexetidine in-vivo by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2000; 52(11):1355–9. <https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357001777504>
78. McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1999; 12:147–79. <https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.12.1.147>
79. Miller, W. D., The Microorganisms of the Human Mouth, S. S. White Dental Manufacturing Co., Philadelphia, 1890 (reprinted by S. Karger, Basel, 1973).
80. Miyachi T, Tsutsui T. Ability of 13 chemical agents used in dental practice to induce sister chromatid exchanges in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Odontology 2005; 93:24–29. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-005-0055-8>
81. Moran J., M. Addy R. Jackson and R. Newcombe. Comparative effects of quaternary ammonium mouthrinses on 4-day plaque regrowth. J Clin Periodontol 2000; 27: 37–40. <https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027001037.x>
82. Morton LHG., Greenway, DLA., Gaylarde C. C. and Surman S. B. Consideration of some implications of the resistance of biofilms to biocides. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 1998; 41:247–59. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00026-2>
83. Nadin G, Goel BR, Yeung CA, Gleny AM. Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003.
84. Naenni N, Thoma K, Zehnder M. Soft tissue dissolution capacity of currently used and potential endodontic irrigants. J Endod. 2004; 30(11):785–7. <https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200411000-00009>
85. Nair R, Sjögren U, Krey G et al. Intraradicular bacteria and fungi in root-filled, asymptomatic human teeth with therapy-resistant periapical lesion: a long-term light and electron – microscopic follow-up study. Journal of Endodontics 1990; 16:580–8. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(07)80201-9>
86. Nerwich A, Figdor D, Messer HH. pH changes in root dentin over a 4–week period following root canal dressing with calcium hydroxide. J Endod 1993; 19:302–6. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(06)80461-9>
87. Nunoshiba T, Obata F, Boss AC et al. Role of iron and superoxide for generation of hydroxyl radical, oxidative DNA lesions, and mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:34832–34837. <https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.49.34832>
88. Ohara P, Torabinejad M, Kettering JD. Antibacterial effects of various endodontic irrigants on selected anaerobic bacteria. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1993; 9(3):95–100. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1993.tb00258.x>
89. Orstavik D, Kerekes K, Molven O. Effects of extensive apical reaming and calcium hydroxide dressing on bacterial infection during treatment of apical periodontitis: a pilot study. International Endodontic Journal 1991; 24:1–7. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1991.tb00863.x>
90. Orth R, Mrozeck H. Is the control of Listeria, Campylobacter, and Yersinia a disinfection problem? Fleischwirtschaft 1989; 69:1575–6.
91. Peters LB, van Winkelhoff AJ, Buijs JF et al. Effects of instrumentation, irrigation and dressing with calcium hydroxide on infection in pulpless teeth with periapical bone lesions. Int Endod J 2002; 35:13–21. <https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0143-2885.2001.00447.x>
92. Portenier I, Haapasalo H, Rye A et al. Inactivation of root canal medicaments by dentine, hydroxylapatite and bovine serum albumin. International Endodontic Journal 2001; 34:184–8. <https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2001.00366.x>
93. Quisno R., Foter M. Cetylpyridinium chloride. J Bacteriol 1946; 52:111–17.
94. Reit C, Molander A, Dahlen G. The diagnostic accuracy of microbiologic root canal sampling and the influence of antimicrobial dressings. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology 1999; 15:278–83. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1999.tb00788.x>
95. Ringel AM, Patterson SS, Newton CW et al. In vivo evaluation of chlorhexidine gluconate and sodium hypochlorite solutions as root canal irrigants. Journal of Endodontics 1982; 8:200–4. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(82)80354-3>
96. Roberts WR, Addy M. Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibacterial properties of antiseptic mouthrinses containing chlorhexidine, alexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and hexetidine. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1981; 8:295–310. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1981.tb02040.x>
97. Rosa M. and O.P. Sturzenberger. Clinical reduction of gingivitis through the use of a mouthwash containing two quaternary ammonium compounds. J Periodontol 1976; 47:535–7. <https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1976.47.9.535>
98. Sagripanti JL and Bonifacino A. Comparative Sporicidal Effects of Liquid Chemical Agents Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1996; 62(2):545–51.
99. Sathorn C, P. Parashos, H. Messer. Antibacterial efficacy of calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Endodontic Journal 2007; 40 (1): 2–10. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01197.x>
100. Schaule, G., Flemming HC, Ridgway H. F. The use of CTC (5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride) in the quantification of respiratory active bacteria in biofilms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1993; 59:3850–7.
101. Scheie A. Modes of action of currently known chemical antiplaque agents other than chlorehexidine. J Dent Res 1989; 68:1609–16.
102. Schröder U. A 2–year followup of primary molars pulpotomized with a gentle technique and capped with calcium hydroxide. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1978; 39:273–8.
103. Schulte S, Wingender J, Flemming HC. Directory of microbials for the protection of materials. In: Efficacy of biocides against biofilms. Springer Netherlands, 2004;1(5):93–120.
104. Seltzer S, Farber PA. Microbiologic factors in endodontology. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 1994; 78:634–45. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(94)90178-3>
105. Sen BH, Buyukyilmaz T. The effect of 4% titanium tetrafluoride solution on root canal walls—a preliminary investigation. J Endod. 1998; 24(4):239–43. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(98)80104-0>
106. Shani S, Friedman M, Steinberg D. The anticariogenic effect of amine fluorides on Streptococcus sobrinus and glucosyltransferase in biofilms. Caries Res 2000: 34:260–267. <https://doi.org/10.1159/000016600>
107. Sharma NC, Galustians HJ, Qaqish J et al. Antiplaque and antigingivitis effectiveness of a hexetidine mouthwash. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30:590–4. <https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.00303.x>
108. Sheen, S., Eisenburger, M, Addy, M. Effect of toothpaste on the plaque inhibitory properties of a cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2003; 30:255–60. <https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.300312.x>
109. Shiozawa A. Characterization of reactive oxygen species generated from the mixture of NaClO and H2O2 used as root canal irrigants. J Endod. 2000; 26(1): 11–15. <https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200001000-00003>
110. Siqueira JF Jr, Lopes HP. Mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide: a critical review. Int Endod J 1999; 32:361–9. <https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.1999.00275.x>
111. Siqueira JF Jr, Machado AG, Silveira RM et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite used with three irrigation methods in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis from the root canal in vitro. International Endodontic Journal 1997; 30:279–32. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1997.tb00708.x>
112. Sjögren U, Figdor D, Spangberg L, Sundqvist G. The antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as a short-term intracanal dressing. International Endodontic Journal 1991; 24:119–25. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1991.tb00117.x>
113. Smith NL, Seale NS, Nunn ME. Ferric sulfate pulpotomy in primary molars: a retrospective study. Pediatric Dentistry 2000; 22:192–9.
114. Sprossig. M. Uber die Eignung der Peressigsaure zur Kalt-sterilisation. Dtsch. Gesundheitswes. 1970; 22:1045–1048.
115. Sprossig M, Miucke H. Uber die antimikrobielle Wirkung der Peressigsaure. Untersuchungen zur viruziden Wirkung. Pharmazie 1968; 23:665–7.
116. Sprossig. M, Miucke H. Uber die stark viruzide Eigenschaf’t eines praktisch anwendbaren Alkohol -Peressigsaure-Gemisches. p. 1167 In JahreskongreB der Gesellschaft f’ur Seuchenschutz. Leipzig 1964;5:196.
117. Sprossig. M, Miucke H, Tilgner PCH. Uber die ant imikrobielle Wirkung der Peressigsaure Untersuchungen zur bakteriziden und sporiziden Wirkung. Pharmazie 1967; 22:517–19.
118. Steinberg D. Testing a degradable topical varnish of CPC in an experimental dental biofilm model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 48:241–3. <https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/48.2.241>
119. Stookey G K, Beiswanger B, Mau M et al. A 6-month clinical study assessing the safety and efficacy of two cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinses. American Journal of Dentistry 2005; 18 (Special Issue):24A–28A.
120. Stuart KG, Miller CH, Brown CE et al. The comparative antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991; 72:101–4. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(91)90198-L>
121. Sundqvist G. Ecology of the root canal flora. Journal of Endodontics 1992; 18:427–30. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(06)80842-3>
122. Suzuki H. Assessment of the carcinogenic hazard of 6 substances used in dental practice. Part II. Morphological transformation, DNA damage and sister chromatid exchanges in cultured Syrian hamster embryo cells induced by formocresol, iodoform, zinc oxide, chloroform, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline hydrochloride. Odontology 1987; 74:1385–1403.
123. Tichacek, B. P. 1966. Peressigsaure und die Moglichkeiten ihrer Verwertung in der Desinf’ektion. p. 2. Staatsverlag fur das Gesundheitswesen der CSSR. Prague.
124. Trexler PC, Reynolds LI. Flexible film apparatus for rearing and use of germfree animals. AppI. Microbiol. 1957; 5:406–12.
125. Türkün M, Gökay N, Özdemir N. Comparative investigation of the toxic and necrotic tissue dissolving effects of different endodontic irrigants. Journal of the Dental Faculty of Istanbul University 1998; 32:87–94.
126. van der Mei H.C, Perdok JF, Genet M et al. Cetylpyridinium chloride adsorption on the wettability and elemental surface composition of human enamel. Clin Prev Dent 1990; 12;25–29.
127. Waltimo T, Orstavik D, Sirén E, Haapasalo M. In vitro susceptability of Candida albicans to four disinfectants and their combination. International Endodontic Journal 1999; 32:421–9. <https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.1999.00237.x>
128. Waltimo T, Trope M, Haapasalo M, Orstavik D. Clinical efficacy of treatment procedures in endodontic infection control and one year follow-up of periapical healing. Journal of Endodontics 2005; 31:863–6. <https://doi.org/10.1097/01.don.0000164856.27920.85>
129. Wang JD, Hume WR. Diffusion of hydrogen ion and hydroxyl ion from various sources through dentine. Int Endod J 1988; 21:17–26. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1988.tb00949.x>
130. Wennberg A. Biological evaluation of root canal antiseptics using in vitro and in vivo methods Scand J Dent Res. 1980 Feb; 88(1):46–52.
131. Wile DB, Dinsdale JR, Joynson DH. Hexetidine (‘Oraldene’): a case report on its antibacterial and antifungal properties on the oral flora in healthy subjects. Curr Med Res Opin. 1986; 10(2):82–88. <https://doi.org/10.1185/03007998609110423>
132. Wirtanen G, Mattila ST. Journal of Food Protection 1993; 56:678–683. <https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-56.8.678>
133. Witt J, Ramji N, Gibb R et al. Antibacterial and Antiplaque Effects of a Novel, Alcohol-Free Oral Rinse with Cetylpyridinium Chloride. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005; 1(6):001–009.
134. Witt, J. J., Walters, P., Bsoul S et al Comparative clinical trial of two antigingivitis mouthrinses. American Journal of Dentistry 2005; 18 (Special Issue): 15A–17A.
135. Yamaguchi F, Tsutsui T. Cell-transforming activity of fourteen chemical agents used in dental practice in Syrian hamster embryo cells. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2003; 93:497–500. <https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.93.497>
136. Yokoyama K, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K et al. Preventive effect of tooth fracture by pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation with diamine silver fluoride solution. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2001; 19(6):315–18. <https://doi.org/10.1089/104454701753342767>
137. Yokoyama K,, Murase J. Permeability of the root canal wall and occlusion of dentinal tubules by Ag(NH3)2F: a comparison of combined use with pulsed Nd:YAG laser or iontophoresis. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2000; 18(1):9–14. <https://doi.org/10.1089/clm.2000.18.9>
138. Yoshida M, Fukushima J, Yamamato K et al. Correlation between clinical symptoms and microorganisms isolated from root canals of teeth with periapical pathosis. Journal of Endodontics 1987; 13:24–28. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(87)80088-2>
139. Zhi. Z K. An experimental study on cleaning efficacy of several root canal irrigants. 1991;26(4):205–7, 253.
front cover

ISSN 1211-4286 (Print) ISSN 1805-9694 (Online)

Open access journal

Archive