Acta Med. 2022, 65: 66-70
https://doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2022.20
Stressor Effects on Sex Ratios and Births in the Maltese Population during the First Half of the 20th Century
References
1. Grech V, Mamo J. What is the sex ratio at birth? Early Hum Dev [Internet]. 2020 Jan 1 [cited 2022 May 20]; 140. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31492547/.
2. JB. Collecting data on pregnancy loss: a review of evidence from the World Fertility Survey. Stud Fam Plann 1989; 20(2): 81–95.
<https://doi.org/10.2307/1966462>
3. JB. Maternal age, gravidity, and pregnancy spacing effects on spontaneous fetal mortality. Soc Biol [Internet]. 1989 [cited 2022 May 26]; 36(3–4): 186–212. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi .nlm.nih.gov/2629108/.
4. WH, Grech V. The human sex ratio at conception. Early Hum Dev 2020 Jan 1; 140: 104862.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104862>
5. WH. Proximate causes of the variation of the human sex ratio at birth. Early Hum Dev 2015 Dec; 91(12): 795–9.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.10.004>
6. RL, Willard DE. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science (80-) 1973 Jan 5; 179(4068): 90–2.
<https://doi.org/10.1126/science.179.4068.90>
7. WH, Grech V. A review of the established and suspected causes of variations in human sex ratio at birth. Early Hum Dev 2017 Jun 1; 109: 50–6.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.03.002>
8. R. The impact of two world wars on the decline of colonialism. J Contemp Hist 1969; 4(1): 17–35.
<https://doi.org/10.1177/002200946900400102>
9. Gatt K. The Unsinkable Aircraft Carrier: Malta’s Offensive Role during the Second World War. University of Malta Masters Dissertation; 2020.
10. C. Reproductive performance in the Maltese Islands during the First World War. J R Army Med Corps 1995; 141: 107–11.
<https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-141-02-11>
11. Malta Government Printing Office. Annual Reports on the Health conditions of the Maltese Islands for the years 1910–1950.
12. Malta Government. Return of Births in Malta and Gozo 1910–1951, 84 volumes [fortnightly] in Malta Government Gazette.
13. Fleiss JL. Statistical methods for rates and proportions. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1981.
14. V. WASP (Write a Scientific Paper) using Excel – 13: Correlation and Regression. Early Hum Dev 2018; 122: 60–3.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.04.009>
15. C. Reproductive performance on the Maltese Islands during the Second World War. Med Hist 1990; 34: 164–77.
<https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300050638>
16. Kerr J, Johnstone R, Phillips M. Historical review of British Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1800–1950. Edinburgh: E&S Livingstone; 1954.
17. PP, O Gráda C. Fertility trends, excess mortality, and the Great Irish Famine. Demography 1986 Nov; 23(4): 543–62.
<https://doi.org/10.2307/2061350>
18. VG. Some effects of famine on the population of Greece. Milbank Mem Fund Q 1946 Jul; 24(3): 215–34.
<https://doi.org/10.2307/3348111>
19. DP, Berhanu B. The impact of war, famine, and economic decline on marital fertility in Ethiopia. Demography. 1999 May; 36(2): 247–61.
<https://doi.org/10.2307/2648112>
20. Butler N, Alberman E. Perinatal Problems – The Second Report of the 1958 British Perinatal Mortality Survey. Edinburgh: E&S Livingstone; 1969.
21. Stewart W, Cohen W. Infant loss in the Netherlands. Washington; 1968.
22. G, O’Neill SM, Khashan AS, Kenny LC, Grech V. The Terrorist Attacks and the Human Live Birth Sex Ratio: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Acta Medica (Hradec Králové) 2017; 60(2): 59–65.
23. S. Does famine influence sex ratio at birth? Evidence from the 1959–1961 Great Leap Forward Famine in China. Proceedings Biological Sci / R Soc. 2012 Jul 22; 279(1739): 2883–90.
<https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0320>
<PubMed>
24. V. China’s Great Leap Forward: An estimate of total and additional excess male birth losses. Early Hum Dev 2018; 117: 20–1.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.12.004>
25. B, Bartels I, Bähr-Porsch S, Borgmann S, Gatz G, Gellert G, et al. Cytogenetic analysis of 750 spontaneous abortions with the direct-preparation method of chorionic villi and its implications for studying genetic causes of pregnancy wastage. Am J Hum Genet 1990 Oct; 47(4): 656–63.
26. Miscarriage Statistics UK | Tommy’s [Internet]. [cited 2022 May 24]. Available from: https://www.tommys.org/baby-loss-support/miscarriage-information-and-support/miscarriage-statistics.
27. Mulley JF. Greater loss of female embryos during human pregnancy: A novel mechanism. bioRxiv [Internet]. 2019; Available from: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2019/09/06/418186.
28. WH, Grech V. Can offspring sex ratios help to explain the endocrine effects of toxoplasmosis infection on human behaviour? Early Hum Dev 2018 Jul 1; 122: 42–4.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.06.001>
29. F, Wu Y, Zhu Y-H, Barry J, Ding T, Baio G, et al. The association between psychological stress and miscarriage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017 May; 7(1): 1731.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01792-3>
<PubMed>
30. AY, Nielsen SE, Mather M. Stress-induced increases in progesterone and cortisol in naturally cycling women. Neurobiol Stress. 2016 Jun; 3: 96–104.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.02.006>
<PubMed>
31. M, Pintado B, Gutiérrez-Adán A. Scrotal heat stress effects on sperm viability, sperm DNA integrity, and the offspring sex ratio in mice. Mol Reprod Dev 2008 Jan; 75(1): 40–7.
<https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.20759>
32. W-H, Mohamed EA, Pang W-K, Kang K-H, Ryu D-Y, Rahman MS, et al. Effect of endocrine disruptors on the ratio of X and Y chromosome-bearing live spermatozoa. Reprod Toxicol 2018 Dec; 82: 10–7.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.09.002>
33. WH. Evolution and the variation of mammalian sex ratios at birth: reflections on Trivers and Willard (1973). J Theor Biol 2013; 334: 141–8.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.06.023>
