Acta Med. 2009, 52: 155-158

https://doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2016.122

Khat Chewing and Smoking Effect on Oral Mucosa: A Clinical Study

Essam Halbouba, Essam Dhaifullahb, Mahmoud Abdulhuqa

aDamascus University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Medicine, Damascus, Syria
bSana'a University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Sana'a, Yemen

Received April 1, 2009
Accepted November 11, 2009

References

1. Al-Hebshi NN, Skaug N. Effect of Khat Chewing on 14 selected periodontal bacteria in sub- and supragingival plaque of a young male population. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2005; 20(3): 141–6. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302X.2004.00195.x>
2. Ali A. Oral disease related to Qat chewing in Yemen. Damascus University Journal For Health Science 2003; 19(3): 143–59. Arabic.
3. Ali AA, Al-Sharabi AK, Aguirre JM, Nahas R. A Study of 342 oral keratotic white lesions induced by Qat chewing among 2500 Yemeni. J Oral Pathol Med 2004; 33(6): 368–72. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2004.00145.x>
4. Al-Motarreb A, Baker K, Broadley KJ. Khat: pharmacological and medical aspects and its social use in Yemen. Phytother Res 2002; 16(5): 403–13. <https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1106>
5. Alsharabi AK. Oral and para-oral lesions caused by takhzeen Al-Qat (dissertation). Khartoum, Sudan: Khartoum University, 2002.
6. Barnes L, Eveson JW, Reichart P, Sidransky D. World health organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours. World health organization classification of tumours. Series eds. Barnes L, Eveson JW, Reichart, P, et al. 2005, IARCPress: Lyon.
7. Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM, Silverman, SJ. Red and white lesions of the oral mucosa. In: Greenberg, MS and Click, M, eds. Burkit’s oral medicine diagnosis and treatment. Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker Inc, 2003:85–125.
8. Click M, Siegal MA, Brightman VJ. Evaluation of the dental patient: diagnosis and medical risk assessment. In: Greenberg MS, Click M, eds. Burkit’s oral medicine diagnosis and treatment. Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker Inc 2003: 5–35.
9. Dhaifalah I, Santavy J. Khat Habit and Its Health Effect. A Natural Amphetamine, Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc, Czech Repub 2004; 148(1): 11–15. <https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.2004.002>
10. Eversole LR, Silverman SJ. Physical examination of the head and neck. In: Silverman SJ, Eversole, ER, Truelove EL. Essentials oral medicine, eds. Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker Inc, 2001: 6–26.
11. Gorsky M, Epstein JB, Levi H, Yarom N. Oral white lesions associated with chewing khat. Tobacco induced diseases 2004; 2(3): 145–50. <https://doi.org/10.1186/1617-9625-2-3-145> <PubMed>
12. Halbach H. Medical aspects of the chewing of khat leaves. Bull World Health Organ 1972; 47(1): 21–29.
13. Hill CM, Gibson A. The oral and dental effects of Q’at chewing. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987; 63(4): 433–6. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(87)90255-6>
14. Jorgensen E, Kaimenyi JT. The status of periodontal health and oral hygiene of Miraa (Catha Edulis) Chewers. East Afr Med J 1990; 67(8): 585–90.
15. Kandela P. Women’s rights, A Tourist boom, and the power of khat in Yemen. Lancet 2000; 355 (9213): 1437. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74640-7>
16. Kennedy JG. The flower of the paradise: The institutionalized use of the drug Qat in north Yemen. Dodrecht: D. Reidel Publications, 1987: 98–100.
17. Kennedy JG, Teague J, Rokaw W, and Cooney, E. A Medical evaluation of the use of Qat in north Yemen. Soc Sci Med, 1983; 17(12): 783–93. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(83)90029-1>
18. Kerr DA, Ash MM, Millard HD. Oral diagnosis. 6th ed. ST. Missouri: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1983.
19. Langalis RP, Bricker SL, Cottone JM, Baker BR. Oral diagnosis, oral medicine and treatment planning. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1984:390.
20. Luqman W, Danowski TS. The use of khat (Catha Edulis) in Yemen. Social and medical observations. Ann Med, 1976; 85(2): 246–9. <https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-85-2-246>
21. Mengel R, Eigenbrodt M, Schunemann T, Flores-de-Jacoby L. Periodontal status of a subject sample of Yemen. J Clin Periodontol 1996; 23(5):437–43. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1996.tb00571.x>
22. Shuga-Al-Din HM. Effects of Qat chewing on periodontal health of adults in Sana’a, Yemen (dissertation). Khartoum, Sudan, Khartoum University. 2006.
23. World health organization, country cooperation strategy for world health organization and the republic of Yemen 2002–2007. Republic of Yemen. 2006, W.H.O, regional office for eastern Mediterranean, Cairo. Document EM/ARD/ 003/E/R.
front cover

ISSN 1211-4286 (Print) ISSN 1805-9694 (Online)

Open access journal

Archive