Acta Med. 2007, 50: 7-15

https://doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2017.53

Root Canal Microflora

Marina George, Romana Ivančaková

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Department of Dentistry, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic

Received January 1, 2007
Accepted March 1, 2007

References

1. Baddour LM. Virulence factors among gram –positive bacteria in experimental endocarditis. Infect Immun 1994; 62:2143–2148.
2. Baumgartner JC, Bae KS, Xia T, Whitt J, David LL. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction for differentiation of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. J Endod 1999; 25: 324–328. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(06)81164-7>
3. Baumgartner JC, Falkner WA Jr. Bacteria in the apical 5mm of infected root canals. J. Endod 1991; 17:380–383. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(06)81989-8>
4. Baumgartner JC, Watts CM, Xia T. Occurrence of Candida albicans in infections of endodontic origin. J Endod 2000; 26:695–698. <https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200012000-00003>
5. Bergenholtz G. Micro-organisms from necrotic pulp of traumatized teeth. Odontol Revy 1974; 25:347–358.
6. Bergenholtz G, Dahlén G. Advances in the study of endodontic infections: Introduction. Endodontic Topics 2004; 9:1.1–4. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-1546.2004.00105.x>
7. Borssén E,Sundqvist G. Actinomyces of infected dental root canals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1981; 51:643–648. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-4220(81)80016-3>
8. Byström A, Sundqvist G. Bacteriologic evaluation of the efficacy of mechanical root canal instrumentation in endodontic therapy. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1981; 89:321–328.
9. Cavrini F, Sambri V, Moter A et al. Molecular detection of Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis in carotid and aortic atheromatous plaques by FISH: report of two cases. Med Microbiol 2005; 54: 93–96. <https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45845-0>
10. Chávez De Paz LE, Dahlén G, Molander A, Moller AJR, Bergenholtz G. Bacteria recovered from teeth with apical periodontitis after antimicrobial endodontic treatment. Int Endod J 2003; 36:500–508. <https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2003.00686.x>
11. Chávez De Paz L. Gram positive organisms in endodontic infections. Endodontic Topics 2004; 9:1, 79–96. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-1546.2004.00107.x>
12. Chávez De Paz LE, Molander A, Dahlén G. Gram–positive rods prevailing in teeth with apical periodontitis undergoing root canal treatment. Int Endod J 2004; 37:579–587. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2004.00845.x>
13. Chávez De Paz LE, Svensater G, Dahlén G, Bergenholtz G. Streptococci from root canals in teeth with apical periodontitis receiving endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, in press.
14. Choi BK, Lee HJ, Kang JH, Jeong GJ, Min CK, Yoo YJ. Induction of osteoclastogenesis and matrix metalloprotein expression by the lipooligosaccharide of Treponema denticola. Infect Immun 2003; 71:226–233. <https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.1.226-233.2003> <PubMed>
15. Chung WO, Demuth DR,Lamont RJ. Identification of Porphyromonas gingivalis receptor for the Streptococcus gordonii SspB protein. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6758–6762. <https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.68.12.6758-6762.2000>
16. Clarridge JE III, Zhang Q. Genotypic diversity of clinical Actinomyces species: phenotype, source, and disease correlation among genospecies. J Clin Microbiols 2002; 40:3442–3448. <https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.9.3442-3448.2002> <PubMed>
17. Conrads G, Gharbia SE, Gulabivala K, Lampert F, Shah HN. The use of a 16S rDNA directed PCR for the detection of endodontopathogenic bacteria. J Endod 1997; 23:433–438. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(97)80297-X>
18. Cook GS, Costerton JW, Lamont RJ. Biofilm formation by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus gordonii. J Periodontal Res 1998; 33:323–327. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1998.tb02206.x>
19. Curson. History and endodontics. Dental Practitioner and Dental Record. 1965; 15:435–439.
20. Dahlén G, Samuelsson W, Molander A, Reit C. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci isolated from the root canal. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2000; 15:309–312. <https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-302x.2000.150507.x>
21. Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ, Tzellas N et al. Characterisation of novel human oral isolates and cloned 16S rDNA sequences that fall in the family Coriobacteriaciae: description of Olsenella gen.nov., reclassification of Lactobacillus uli as Olsenella uli comb. nov. and description of Olsenella profusa sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2001; 51:1797–1804. <https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-51-5-1797>
22. El-Sabaeny A, Demuth DR, Park Y, Lamont RJ. Environmental conditions modulate the expression of the sspA and sspB genes in Streptococcus gordonii. Microb Pathog 2000; 29:101–113. <https://doi.org/10.1006/mpat.2000.0369>
23. Evans M, Davies JK, Sundqvist G, Figdor D. Mechanisms involved in the resistance of Enterococcus faecalis to calcium hydroxide. Int Endod J 2002: 35: 221–228.
24. Fabricius L. Oral bacteria and apical periodontitis. An experimental study in monkeys. Thesis, Goteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1982.
25. Fabricius L, Dahlen G, Holm SE, Moller AJR. Influence of combinations of oral bacteria on periapical tissues of monkeys. Scand J Dent Res 1982; 90:200–206.
26. Fabricius L, Dahlen G, Ohman AE, Moller AJR. Predominant indigenous oral bacteria isolated from infected root canals after varied times of closure. Scand J Dent Res 1982; 90: 134–144.
27. Fenno JC, McBride BC. Virulence factors of oral treponemes. Anaerobe 1998; 4:1–17. <https://doi.org/10.1006/anae.1997.0131>
28. Figdor D, Sjogren U, Sorlin S,Sundqvist G, Nair PNR.Pathogenecity of Actinomyces israelii and Arachnia propionica: experimental infection in guinea pigs and phagocytosis and intracellular killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1992; 7:129–136. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302X.1992.tb00525.x>
29. Foschi F., Cavrini F., Montebugnoli L., Stashenko P., Sambri V., Prati C. Detection of bacteria in endodontic samples by polymerase chain reaction assays and association with defined clinical signs in Italián patients. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2005; 20:1–8. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302X.2005.00227.x>
30. Froeliger EH, Fives- Taylor P. Streptococcus parasanguis fimbria–associated adhesin fap1 is required for biofilm formation. Infect Immun 2001; 69:2512–2519. <https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.4.2512-2519.2001> <PubMed>
31. Gomes B. P. F. A., Jacinto R. C., Pinheiro E. T. et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens in endodontic lesions detected by culture and by PCR. Endodontic Topics 20: 4,1–8.
32. Gomes BP, Lilley JD, Drucker DB. Variations in the susceptibilities of components of the endodontic microflora to biomechanical procedures. Int Endod J 1996; 29:235–241. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1996.tb01375.x>
33. Gomes BPFA, Pinheiro ET, Gade- Neto CR et al. Microbiological examination of infected dental root canals. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004; 19:71–76. <https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0902-0055.2003.00116.x>
34. Haapasalo M, Ranta H, Ranta K, Shah H. Black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. in human apical periodontitis. Infect Immun 1986; 53:149–153.
35. Haffajee AD, Cugni MA, Tanner A et al. Subgingival microbiota in healthy, well maintained elder and periodontitis subjects. J. Clin Periodontol 1998; 25: 346–353. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02454.x>
36. Holmes AR, Cannon RD, Jenkinson HF. Interactions of Candida albicans with bacteria and salivary molecules in oral biofilms. J Ind Microbiol 1995; 15: 208–213. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01569827>
37. Hubble TS, Hatton JF, Nallapareddy SR, Murray BE, Gillespie MJ. Influence of Enterococcus faecalis proteases and the collagen-binding protein, Ace, on adhesion to dentin. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2003; 18: 121–60. <https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-302X.2003.00059.x>
38. Huebner J, Wang Y, Krueger WA. et al. Isolation and chemical characterization of a capsular polysaccharide antigen shared by clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 1213–1219.
39. Jansen H-J. The periodontal microflora as a protein-dependent anaerobic degradation system. Department of Preventative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 1996.
40. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR,Fitzgerald RJ. The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ-free and conventional laboratory rats. Oral Sur, Oral Med, Oral Pathol 1965; 20:340–349. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(65)90166-0>
41. Kalfas S, Figdor D, Sundqvist G. A new bacterial species associated with failed endodontic treatment: identification and description of Actinomyces radicidentis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 92: 208–214. <https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2001.117268>
42. Kantz WE, Henry CA. Isolation and classification of anaerobic bacteria from intact pulp chambers of non–vital teeth in man. Archs Oral Biol 1974; 19:91–96. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(74)90231-3>
43. Kersters K, De Ley J. Identification and grouping of bacteria by numerical analysis of their electrophoretic protein patterns. J Gen Microbiol 1975; 87: 333–342. <https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-87-2-333>
44. Lamont RJ, El –Sabaeny A, Park Y, Cook GS, Costerton JW, Demuth DR. Role of the Streptococcus gordonii SspB protein in the development of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms on streptococcal substrates. Microbiology 2002; 148: 1627–1636. <https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-148-6-1627>
45. Lana MA, Ribeiro-Sobrinho AP, Stehling R et al. Microorganisms isolated from root canals presenting necrotic pulp and their drug susceptibility in vitro. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2001; 16:100–105. <https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-302x.2001.016002100.x>
46. Love R. Invasion of dentinal tubules by root canal bacteria. Endod Topics 2004; 9:52–65. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-1546.2004.00078.x>
47. Love RM, McMilan MD, Park Y, Jenkinson HF. Coinvasion of dentinal tubules by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus gordonii depends on the binding specificity of streptococcal antigen I/II adhesin. Infect Immun 2000; 68: 1359–1365. <https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.68.3.1359-1365.2000>
48. Makinen P-L, Clewell DB, An F, Makinen KK. Purification and substráte specificity of a strongly hydrophobic extracellular endopeptidase (‘gelatinas‘) from Streptococcus faecalis (strain 0G1–10). J Bio Chem 1989; 264: 3325–3334.
49. Miller WD. An introduction to the study of the bacterio-pathology of the dental pulp. Dent Cosmos 1894; 36:505 –527.
50. Mims C, Dimmock N, Nash A, Stephen J. Mim’s Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases. New York:Academic Press 1995.
51. Molander A, Dahlén G. Evaluation of the antibacterial potential of tetracycline or erythromycin mixed with calcium hydroxide as intra canal dressing against Enterococcus faecalis in vivo. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 96:744–750. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S1079-2104(03)00361-5>
52. Molander A, Reit C, Dahlén G. The antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide in root canals pretreated with 5% iodine potassium iodide. Endod Dent Traumatol 1999; 15:205–209. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1999.tb00775.x>
53. Molander A, Reit C, Dahlén G, Kvist T. Microbiological status of root- filled teeth with apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 1998; 31:1–7. <https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.1998.t01-1-00111.x>
54. Moller AJR. Microbiological examination of root canals and periapical tissues of human teeth. Methodological studies. Odontol Tidskr 1966; 74(Suppl):1–380.
55. Moller AJR, Fabricius L, Dahlén G, Sundqvist G, Happonen RP. Apical periodontitis development and bacterial response to endodontic treatment. Experimental root canal infections in monkeys with selected bacterial strain. Eur J Oral Sci 2004; 112:207–215. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.2004.00135.x>
56. Moore LV, Johnson JL, Moore WE. Descriptions of Prevotella tannerae sp. nov. and Prevotella enoeca sp. nov. from the human gingival crevice and emendation of the description of Prevotella zoogleoformans. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1994; 44: 599–602. <https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-44-4-599>
57. Moore WEC, Moore LVH. The bacteria of periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 1994; 5: 66–77. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.1994.tb00019.x>
58. Mullis KB, Faloona FA. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase – catalysed chain reaction. Meth Enzymol 1987; 155:335–350. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(87)55023-6>
59. Mundy LM, Sahm DF, Gilmore M. Relationships between enterococcal virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:513–522. <https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.13.4.513-522.2000>
60. Munson MA, Pitt-Ford T, Chong B, Weightman A, Wade WG. Molecular and cultural analysis of the microflora associated with endodontic infections. J Dent Res 2002;81:761–766 (Erratum in: J Dent Res 2003;82:69. J Dent Res 2003;82: 247). <https://doi.org/10.1177/0810761>
61. Muyzer G, de Waal EC, Uitterlinden AG. Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction –amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:695–700.
62. Muyzer G, Smalla K. Application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) in microbial ecology. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1998; 73:127–141. <https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1000669317571>
63. Nair PNR, Schroeder HE. Periapical actinomycosis. J Endod 1984; 10:567–570. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(84)80102-8>
64. Nallapareddy SR, Singh KV, Duh RW, Weinstock GM, Murray BE. Diversity of ace, a gene encoding a microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecules, from different strains of Enterococcus faecalis and evidence for production of ace during human infections. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5210–5217. <https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.68.9.5210-5217.2000>
65. Nikawa H, Egusa H, Makihira S. et al. Alteration of the coadherence of Candida albicans with oral bacteria by dietary sugars. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2001; 16:279–283. <https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-302x.2001.016005279.x>
66. Nonaka E, Kiyama-Kishikawa M,Hayakawa M. Identification of 40–k Da outer membrane protein as an aggregation factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis to Streptococcus gordonii. J Oral Sci 2001; 43:239–243. <https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.43.239>
67. Odds FC. Candida and candidosis—a review and bibliography. 2nd ed. London: Bailliére Tindall-W.B. Saunders, 1988.
68. Oetjen J, Fives-Taylor P, Froeliger EH. The divergently transcribed Streptococcus parasanguis virulence -associated fimA operon encoding an Mn (2 +)-responsive metal transporter and pepO encoding a zinc metallopeptidase are not coordinately regulated. Infect Immun 70:5706–5714.
69. Olmsted SB, Dunny GM, Erlandsen SL, Wells CL. A plasmid-encoded surface protein on Enterococcus faecalis augments its internalization by cultured intestinal epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 1549–1556. <https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/170.6.1549>
70. Olsen GJ,Woese CR,Overbeek LV. The winds of evolutionary change: breathing new life in microbiology. J Bacteriol 1994; 176: 1–6. <https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.176.1.1-6.1994> <PubMed>
71. Olsen I, Johnson JL, Moore LV, Moore WE. Lactobacillus uli sp. nov. and Lactobacillus rimae sp. nov. from the human gingival crevice and emended descriptions of Lactobacillus minutus and Streptococcus parvulus. Int J Sys Bacteriol 1991; 41:261–266. <https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-41-2-261>
72. Orstavik D, Haapasalo M. Disinfection by endodontic irrigants and dressings of experimentally infected dentinal tubules. Endod Dent Traumatol 1990; 6: 142–149. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1990.tb00409.x>
73. Paster BJ, Boches SK, Galvin JL et al. Bacterial diversity in human subgingival plaque. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:3770–3783. <https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.183.12.3770-3783.2001> <PubMed>
74. Pitt Ford T. R. Harty‘ s Endodontics in Clinical Practice 4th edition, pp. 1–3.
75. Polz MF, Cavanaugh CM. Bias in template – to- product ratios in multitemplate PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:3724–3730.
76. Pot B, Hertel C, Ludwig W, Descheemaeker P, Kersters K, Schleifer KH. Identification and classification of Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. gasseri and L. johnsonii strains by SDS-PAGE and rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe hybridisation. J Gen Microbiol 1993; 139 (part 3):513–517. <https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-139-3-513>
77. Rakita RM, Vanek NN, Jacques-Palaz K et al. Enterococcus faecalis bearing aggregation substance is resistant to killing by human neutrophils despite phagocytosis and neutrophil activation. Infect Immun 1999; 67:6067–6075.
78. Reit C, Dahlén G. Decision making analysis of endodontic treatment strategies in teeth with apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 1998; 21:291–299. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1988.tb01138.x>
79. Reysenbach AL, Giver GS,Wickham GS, Pace NR. Differential amplification of rRNA genes by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin Microbiol 1992; 58: 3417–3418.
80. Rudney JD, Chen R, Pan Y. Endpoint quantitative PCR assays for Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J. Periodontol Res 2003: 38:465–470. <https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0765.2003.00670.x>
81. Schillinger U, Yousif NM, Sesar L, Franz CM. Use of group- specific and RAPDPCR analyses for rapid differentiation of Lactobacillus strains from probiotic yoghurts. Curr Microbiol 2003; 47:453–456. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-003-4067-8>
82. Schlievert PM, Gahr PJ, Assimacopoulos AP et al. Aggregation and binding substances enhance pathogenicity in rabbit models of Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis. Infect Immun 1998; 66:218–223.
83. Sedgely C, Clawell D. Bacterial plasmids in the oral and endodontic microflora. Endod Topics 2004; 9:37–51. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-1546.2004.00077.x>
84. Shankar N, Lockatell CV, Baghdayan AS, Drachenberg C, Gilmore MS, Johnson DE. Role of Enterococcus faecalis surface protein Esp in the pathogenesis of ascending urinary tract infection. Infect Immun 2001; 69:4366–4372. <https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.7.4366-4372.2001> <PubMed>
85. Siren EK, Haapasalo MP, Ranta K, Salmi P, Kerosuo EN. Microbiological findings and clinical treatment procedures in endodontic cases selected for microbiological investigation. Int Endod J 1997; 30:91–95. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1997.tb00680.x>
86. Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN, Helio P. Lopes. Patterns of microbial colonisation in primary root canal infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002; 93:174–178. <https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.119910>
87. Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN, Oliveira JCM, Santos KRN. Molecular detection of black-pigmented bacteria in infections of endodontic origin. J Endod 2001; 27:563–566. <https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200109000-00002>
88. Siqueira JF Jr, Rocas IN,Rosado AS. Investigation of bacterial communities associated with asymptomatic and symptomatic endodontic infections by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting approach. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004: 19:363–370. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302x.2004.00170.x>
89. Sjogren U, Happonen RP, Kahnberg KE, Sundqvist G. Survival of Arachnia propionica in periapical tissue. Int Endod J 1988; 21:277–282. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1988.tb01012.x>
90. Slack G. The bacteriology of infected root canals and in vitro penicillin sensitivity. Br Dent J 1953; 3:211–214.
91. Slack G. The resistance to antibiotics of microorganisms isolated from root canals. Br Dent J 1957; 18:493–494.
92. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugni MA, Smith C, Kent RL. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J. Clin Periodontol 1998; 25:134–144. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x>
93. Socransky SS, Smith C, Martin L, Paster BJ, Dewhirst FE, Levin AE. Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Biotechnique 1994; 17:788–792.
94. Spratt DA. Significance of bacterial identification by molecular biology methods. Endodontic Topics 2004; 9:1–11. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-1546.2004.00106.x>
95. Sundqvist G. Associations between microbial species in dental root canal infections. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1992; 7:257–262. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302X.1992.tb00584.x>
96. Sundqvist G. Bacteriological studies of necrotic dental pulps. Odontological Dissertations. Umea, Sweden:Umea University,1976.
97. Sundqvist G. Endodontic microbiology. In: Spangberg LSW, ed.Experimental Endodontics, Vol.6. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1990; 131–153.
98. Sundqvist G. Taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of the root canal flora. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994 Oct; 78(4):522–530. <https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(94)90047-7>
99. Sundqvist G, Carlsson J. Lactobacilli of infected dental root canals. Odontol Revy 1974; 25:233–238.
100. Sundqvist G, Carlsson J, Herrmann B, Tärnvik A. Degradation of human immunoglobulins G and M and complement factors C3 and C5 by black-pigmented Bacteroides. J Med Microbiol 1985; 19:85–94. <https://doi.org/10.1099/00222615-19-1-85>
101. Sundqvist G, Eckerbom MI, Larsson AP, Sjogren UT. Capacity of anaerobic bacteria from necrotic dental pulps to induce purulent infections. Infect Immun 1979; 25:685–93.
102. Sundqvist G and Figdor D. Life as an endodontic pathogen. Endodontic Topics 2003; 6:1–25.
103. Sundqvist G, Figdor D, Persson S, Sjogren U. Microbiologic analysis of teeth with failed endodontic treatment and the outcome of conservative re-treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998; 85:86–93. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S1079-2104(98)90404-8>
104. Svensater G, Bergenholtz G. Biofilms in endodontic infections. Endodontic Topics 2004; 9:27–36. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-1546.2004.00112.x>
105. Tanner A, Kent R, Maiden MFJ, Taubman MA. Clinical microbiological and immunological profile of healthy, gingivitis and putative active periodontal subjects. J. Periodontol Res 1996; 31:195–204. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00484.x>
106. van Winkelhoff AJ, Carlee AW, de Graaff J. Bacteriodes endodontalis and other black-pigmented Bacteroides species in odontogenic abscesses. Infect Immun 1985; 49:494–497.
107. Waltimo TM, Haapasalo M, Zehnder M, Meyer J. Clinical aspects related to endodontic trast infections. Endodontic Topics 9; 1–13.
108. Waltimo TM, Sen BH, Meurman JH, Orstavik D, Haapasalo MP. Yeasts in apical periodontitis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2003; 14:128–137. <https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130301400206>
109. Waltimo TM, Sirén EK, Torkko HL, Olsen I, Haapasalo MP. Fungi in therapyresistant apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 1997; 30: 96–101. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1997.tb00681.x>
110. Wasfy MO, McMahon KT, Minah GE, Falkler WA Jr. Microbiological evaluation of periapical infections in Egypt. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1992; 7:100–105. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302X.1992.tb00517.x>
111. Wilkins JC, Beighton D, Homer KA. Effect of acidic pH on expression of surface- associated proteins of Streptococcus oralis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:5290–5296. <https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.9.5290-5296.2003> <PubMed>
112. Wilson MJ, Weightman AJ, Wade WG. Applications of molecular ecology in the characterisation of uncultured microorganisms associated with human disease. Rev Med Microbiol 1997; 8: 91–101. <https://doi.org/10.1097/00013542-199704000-00005>
113. Wittgow WC Jr, Sabiston CB Jr. Microorganisms from pulp chambers of intact teeth necrotic pulps. J Endod 1975; 1:168–171. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(75)80115-4>
114. Woo PC, Ng KH, Lau SK et al. Usefulness of the MicroSeq 500 16S ribosomal DNA-based bacterial identification system for identification of clinically significant bacterial isolates with ambiguous biochemical profiles. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1996–2001. <https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.5.1996-2001.2003> <PubMed>
115. Wyss C. Dependence of proliferation of Bacteroides forsythus on exogenous N-acetylmuramic acid. Infect Immun 1989; 57:1757–1759.
116. Yeung MK. Molecular and genetic analysis of Actinomyces spp. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1999; 10:120–138. <https://doi.org/10.1177/10454411990100020101>
front cover

ISSN 1211-4286 (Print) ISSN 1805-9694 (Online)

Open access journal

Archive