Acta Med. 2003, 46: 65-72
https://doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2019.8
Inorganic Lead Toxicology
References
1. Aicheson A. A History of Metals, 2 Vols., New York, Interscience, 1960.
2. Anonymous. Blood lead levels in young children – United States and selected states, 1996—1999. MMWR 2000;49: 1133–1137. Available at: http://www.cdc.govmmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4950a3.htm.
3. A, Heikkila P, Pukkala E, Nykyri E, Kauppinen T, Hernberg S, Hemminki K. Excess lung cancer among workers exposed to lead. Scand J Work Environ Health 1995; 21:460–9.
<https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.62>
4. P, Kiss P, Porru S, Bonde JP, Vanhoorne MMale reproductive toxicity of lead in animals and humans. ASCLEPIOS Study Group. Occup Environ Med 1998; 55:364–74.
<https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.55.6.364>
<PubMed>
5. AD. Fanconi anemia. Dermatol Clin 1995; 13:41–9.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-8635(18)30105-0>
6. Azar A, Trochimowicz HJ, Maxfield ME. Review of lead studies in animals carried out at Haskell Laboratory – Two year feeding study and response to hemorrhage study. In: Barth D, Berlin A, Engel R, Recht P. Smeets J, (Ed). Environmental health aspects of lead: Proceedings International Symposium, October 1972, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Commission of the European Communities, Luxemberg, 1973:199–208.
7. J, Ševc J. Lead (Pb II) in systems with organic compounds. Ekológia 1996; 15:243–50.
8. B, Spěváčkova V, Čejchanová M, Šmíd J, Švandová E. Retrospective study of concentration levels of Pb, Cd, Cu and Se in serum of the Czech population in time period 1970–1999. Cent Eur J Public Health 2001; 9:190–5.
9. M, Akesson A, Bjellerup P, Vahter M. Metal-bone interactions. Toxicol Lett 2000; 112–113:219–25.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(99)00272-6>
10. K, Bencko V, Cikrt M. Exposure to lead and human health in the Czech Republic. Cent Eur J Public Health 1996; 4:233–41.
11. CM, Hossain MA, Frelin LP, Laterra J, Pevsner J. Microarray analysis of differential gene expression in lead-exposed astrocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 176:34–53.
<https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.2001.9274>
12. CD, Sheehan DM, Bolger PM. Hazard assessment of lead. Food Addit Contam 1993; 10:325–35.
<https://doi.org/10.1080/02652039309374155>
13. Community Assessment Unit, Bureau of Environmental Health Assessment, Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Risk factor information for selected cancer types, 2001. Available at: http://www.state.ma.us/dph/beha/cau/reports/swnas/appc_brain.pdf.
14. WC. Mortality among employees of lead battery plants and lead producing plants, 1947–1980. Scand J Work Environ Health 1985; 11:331–45.
<https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2215>
15. WC, Gaffey WR. 1975. Mortality of lead workers. In: Proceedings of the 1974 Conference on Standards of Occupational Lead Exposure, Cole JF (Ed.), Washington, DC. J Occup Med 1974; 17:100–107.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-197502000-00012>
16. L, Prost N, Gambini D et al. Lead poisoning in adults. Experience of the Poison Control Center of Marseille from 1993 to 2000 (Article in French). Presse Med 2001; 30:1817–20.
17. GL, Goodrum PE, Felter SP, Ruoff WL. Gastrointestinal absorption of metals. Drug Chem Toxicol 1998; 21:223–51.
<https://doi.org/10.3109/01480549809011649>
18. I, Lane RE. A follow-up study of lead workers. Br J Ind Med 1963; 20:313–5.
19. H, Boffetta P. Cancer and occupational exposure to inorganic lead compounds: a meta-analysis of published data. Occup Environ Med 1995; 52:73–81.
<https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.52.2.73>
<PubMed>
20. E, Cartas L, Garcia X. Lead acetate action on anaphylactic response of guinea pig smooth muscle. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2001; 44:145–6.
21. DE, McCafferty MR, O’Neill KJ, Melamed BR, O’Neill JJ. Effect of inorganic lead on rat brain mitochondrial respiration and energy production. J Neurochem 1981; 36:1109–13.
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb01706.x>
22. GW. Brain capillaries: a target for inorganic lead poisoning. Neurotoxicology 1984; 5:167–75.
23. P, Mesples B, Sahir N, Marret S, Sola A. Environmental factors and disturbances of brain development. Semin Neonatol 2001; 6:185–94.
<https://doi.org/10.1053/siny.2001.0048>
24. R, Lindberg RL, Meyer UA. Role of heme in cytochrome P450 transcription and function in mice treated with lead acetate. Mol Pharmacol 1996; 50: 474–81.
25. KS, Hoover KL, Poirier LA. Effects of dietary calcium acetate on lead subacetate carcinogenicity in kidneys of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Carcinogenesis. 1985; 6:279–82.
<https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/6.2.279>
26. RE. Chronic lead poisoning: induced psychosis in an adult? Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2002; 23:101.
<https://doi.org/10.1097/00000433-200203000-00021>
27. LD, Kerkvliet NI, Exon JH. Neoplasia induced in male rats fed lead acetate, ethyl urea and sodium nitrate. Toxicol Pathol 1986; 13:50–7.
<https://doi.org/10.1177/019262338501300107>
28. BP, Dietrich K, Auinger P, Cox C. Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations <10 µg/dL in US children and adolescents. Public Health Rep 2000; 115:521–9.
<https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/115.6.521>
<PubMed>
29. BK, Schwartz BS, Stewart W, Ahn KD. Provocative chelation with DMSA and EDTA: evidence for differential access to lead storage sites. Occup Environ Med 1995; 52:13–9.
<https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.52.1.13>
<PubMed>
30. M. Renal effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105:928–39.
<https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.97105928>
<PubMed>
31. H, Guizzetti M, Costa LG. Inorganic lead activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase-p90(RSK) signaling pathway in human astrocytoma cells via a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:818–23.
<https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.300.3.818>
32. H, Guizzetti M, Costa LG. Inorganic lead stimulates DNA synthesis in human astrocytoma cells: role of protein kinase Calpha. J Neurochem 2001; 78:590–9.
<https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00434.x>
33. DE. Chelation therapy in children exposed to lead. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1213.
34. M. Lead poisoning. Pediatr Rev 2000; 21:327–35.
<https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.21-10-327>
35. MR, Meredith PA. The carcinogenicity of lead. Arch Toxicol 1979; 42:87–94.
<https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00316488>
36. P. New directions in the toxicokinetics of human lead exposure. Neurotoxicology 1993; 14:29–42.
37. N, Cardamakis E, Bolbos G, Tzingounis V. Investigation of kinetic of lead during pregnancy and lactation. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1999; 48:158–62.
<https://doi.org/10.1159/000010164>
38. HL. The neurobehavioral consequences of low lead exposure in childhood. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1982; 4:729–32.
39. DJ, Kiremidjian-Schumacher L, Stotzky G. Effects of cadmium, lead, and zinc on macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity toward tumor cells. Environ Res 1982; 28:154–63.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(82)90164-5>
40. CV, Shaikh ZA. Lead nephrotoxicity and associated disorders: biochemical mechanisms. Toxicology 1992; 73:127–46.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-483X(92)90097-X>
41. K, Spickett JT. The interaction of lead exposure and pregnancy. Asia Pac J Public Health 1992–93; 6:35–9.
<https://doi.org/10.1177/101053959300600206>
42. CL, Quisling RG, Ballinger WE, Love LC. Lead encephalopathy: symptoms of a cerebellar mass lesion and obstructive hydrocephalus. Surg Neurol 1986; 26:391–4.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-3019(86)90143-6>
43. JL, Kaufmann RB, Brody DJ, Hickman T, Gunter EW, Paschal DC. Exposure of the U.S. population to lead, 1991–1994. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106:745–50.
<https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106745>
<PubMed>
44. HG. A review of persistent, low-grade lead challenge: neurological and cardiovascular consequences. J Am Coll Nutr 1993; 12:246–54.
<https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1993.10718306>
45. K, Gilkou T. Health surveillance of workers exposed to lead in the County of Arhus (Article in Danish). Ugeskr Laeger 1991; 153:975–8.
46. WJ, Dietrich KN, Ware JH et al. Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children Trial Group. The effect of chelation therapy with succimer on neuropsychological development in children exposed to lead. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1421–6.
<https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200105103441902>
47. JF, Zarate-Salvador C, Trinidad EE. Plasma lead levels in normal and leadintoxicated children. J Pediatr 1974xicated children. J Pediatr 1974e to lead and male fertility. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2001; 14:219–22.
48. T. Biomarkers of lead exposure. Ind Health 2000; 38:127–42.
<https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.38.127>
49. BS, Stewart WF, Bolla KI et al. Past adult lead exposure is associated with longitudinal decline in cognitive function. Neurology 2000; 55: 1144–1145. Erratum in Neurology 2001; 56:283.
<https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.55.8.1144>
50. SG, Landrigan PJ, Stern FB, Jones JH. Mortality of lead smelter workers. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 122:673–83.
<https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114146>
51. M. Lead poisoning treatment – a continuing need (commentary). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001; 39:661–3.
<https://doi.org/10.1081/CLT-100108506>
52. CM, Wang X, Hu H, Kelsey KT. A polymorphism in the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase gene may modify the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of lead. Environ Health Perspect 1995; 103:248–53.
53. Z, Černá L, Cikrt M, Černá M. Biomonitoring of lead exposure in the Czech Republic. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2001; 14:157–62.
54. RW, Lester ML, McAlaster R, Horst R. Effects of low levels of cadmium and lead on cognitive functioning in children. Arch Environ Health 1982; 37:159–66.
<https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1982.10667557>
55. AC, Wetmur JG, Moline JM, Godbold JH, Levin SM, Landrigan PJ. Unraveling the chronic toxicity of lead: An essential priority for environmental health. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104(Suppl 1):141–6.
56. R. Hair lead levels related to children’s classroom attention-deficit behavior. Arch Environ Health 1996; 51:214–20.
<https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1996.9936018>
57. GJ, Kroes R. The induction of renal tumors by feeding of basic lead acetate to mice and hamsters. Br J Cancer 1969; 23:265–71.
<https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1969.95>
<PubMed>
58. J, Contreras A, Rios E, Marchetti N, Agurto M. Lead exposure and its effects on child health (Article in Spanish). Rev Chil Pediatr 1990; 61:154–60.
<https://doi.org/10.4067/S0370-41061990000300009>
59. EK, Hu H. Lead toxicity in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48:1501–6.
<https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.2000.48.11.1501>
60. PJ, Pentyala SN, Chetty CS, Rajanna B, Desaiah D. Lead alters inositol polyphosphate receptor activities: protection by ATP. Pharmacol Toxicol 1994; 75:17–22.
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1994.tb00318.x>
61. G, Fantuzzi G, Bergomi M et al. Relationship between low lead exposure and somatic growth in adolescents. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 1993; 3(Suppl 1):201–9.
62. Warren C. Brush With Death. A Social History of Lead Poisoning. Johns Hopkins Univ Press, 2001.
63. MJ, Cooper JB, Wood SP, Shoolingin-Jordan PM. Lead poisoning, haem synthesis and 5-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase. Trends Biochem Sci 1998; 23:217–21.
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01219-5>


